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Scientists at the Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center have developed an integrated science framework to deliver annual land cover and land-cover change products with similar spatial and thematic characteristics as legacy, multi-year USGS LULC products. To provide the most relevant land cover and land cover change information for the Nation, mapped land cover (and derived products) should involve regular repeated production, updating and improvement based on robust research, and validation of land cover and land cover change.

Annual NLCD involves a new methodology using an ensemble of chained deep learning models and harmonic time series analysis. This method supports the creation of validated annual land cover and related products crossing 4 decades and updated on an annual basis. Starting in 2024, USGS produced an annual record of land cover and fractional impervious surface for the conterminous U.S. initially covering the period from 1985 to 2023.  An annual update made in June 2025 added 2024 information to the time series. Products for other regions, such as Alaska and Hawaii, will follow in future years.

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